Higher Mathematics

Jai Ganesh · 2022-10-21 00:22:09

Jai Ganesh · 2022-10-24 01:59:06

Jai Ganesh · 2022-10-26 01:45:54

Sampling (Statistics)

In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Statisticians attempt to collect samples that are representative of the population in question. Sampling has lower costs and faster data collection than measuring the entire population and can provide insights in cases where it is infeasible to measure an entire population.

Each observation measures one or more properties (such as weight, location, colour or mass) of independent objects or individuals. In survey sampling, weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design, particularly in stratified sampling. Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide the practice. In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population. Acceptance sampling is used to determine if a production lot of material meets the governing specifications.

Sampling

Data Index.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-10-26 01:47:23

Sampling (Statistics)

In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset (a statistical sample) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Statisticians attempt to collect samples that are representative of the population in question. Sampling has lower costs and faster data collection than measuring the entire population and can provide insights in cases where it is infeasible to measure an entire population.

Each observation measures one or more properties (such as weight, location, colour or mass) of independent objects or individuals. In survey sampling, weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design, particularly in stratified sampling. Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide the practice. In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population. Acceptance sampling is used to determine if a production lot of material meets the governing specifications.

Sampling

Data Index.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-10-29 00:03:22

Using Exponents in Algebra

Fractions in Algebra

Factoring in Algebra.

Algebra as a branch of mathematics

Algebra began with computations similar to those of arithmetic, with letters standing for numbers. This allowed proofs of properties that are true no matter which numbers are involved. For example, in the quadratic equation

can be any numbers whatsoever (except that a cannot be 0), and the quadratic formula can be used to quickly and easily find the values of the unknown quantity x which satisfy the equation. That is to say, to find all the solutions of the equation.

Historically, and in current teaching, the study of algebra starts with the solving of equations, such as the quadratic equation above. Then more general questions, such as "does an equation have a solution?", "how many solutions does an equation have?", "what can be said about the nature of the solutions?" are considered. These questions led extending algebra to non-numerical objects, such as permutations, vectors, matrices, and polynomials. The structural properties of these non-numerical objects were then formalized into algebraic structures such as groups, rings, and fields.

Before the 16th century, mathematics was divided into only two subfields, arithmetic and geometry. Even though some methods, which had been developed much earlier, may be considered nowadays as algebra, the emergence of algebra and, soon thereafter, of infinitesimal calculus as subfields of mathematics only dates from the 16th or 17th century. From the second half of the 19th century on, many new fields of mathematics appeared, most of which made use of both arithmetic and geometry, and almost all of which used algebra.

Today, algebra has grown considerably and includes many branches of mathematics, as can be seen in the Mathematics Subject Classification where none of the first level areas (two digit entries) are called algebra. Today algebra includes section 08-General algebraic systems, 12-Field theory and polynomials, 13-Commutative algebra, 15-Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory, 16-Associative rings and algebras, 17-Nonassociative rings and algebras, 18-Category theory; homological algebra, 19-K-theory and 20-Group theory. Algebra is also used extensively in 11-Number theory and 14-Algebraic geometry.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-10-30 13:57:11

Intervals

In mathematics, a (real) interval is a set of real numbers that contains all real numbers lying between any two numbers of the set. For example, the set of numbers x satisfying 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is an interval which contains 0, 1, and all numbers in between. Other examples of intervals are the set of numbers such that 0 < x < 1, the set of all real numbers

, the set of nonnegative real numbers, the set of positive real numbers, the empty set, and any singleton (set of one element).

Real intervals play an important role in the theory of integration, because they are the simplest sets whose "length" (or "measure" or "size") is easy to define. The concept of measure can then be extended to more complicated sets of real numbers, leading to the Borel measure and eventually to the Lebesgue measure.

Intervals are central to interval arithmetic, a general numerical computing technique that automatically provides guaranteed enclosures for arbitrary formulas, even in the presence of uncertainties, mathematical approximations, and arithmetic roundoff.

Intervals are likewise defined on an arbitrary totally ordered set, such as integers or rational numbers.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-01 00:55:00

Equations and Formulas

Solving Equations.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-01 00:55:34

Equations and Formulas

Solving Equations.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-02 00:02:22

Algebra - Substitution

Algebra - Expanding

Multiplying Negatives.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-03 02:43:18

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

Algebra - Polynomials

Conjugate

Rationalize the Denominator.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-06 00:31:32

Mathematical Models

Mathematical Models 2.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-07 02:58:46

Zero Product Property

Dividing by Zero.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-09 19:43:09

nth root

Illustrations:

is 8 since .

as .

nth root of a number.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-12 00:14:17

Algebra - Expanding

Algebra - Expanding.

Polynomials - Long Multiplication.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-13 20:54:58

Introduction to Algebra

Introduction

Balance when Adding and Subtracting.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-15 01:56:50

Trigonometry : The Four Quadrants and Trigonometry Derivatives.

Sine, Cosine and Tangent in Four Quadrants

Proof of the Derivatives of sin, cos and tan.

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-18 02:18:30

Inequality

In mathematics, an inequality is a relation which makes a non-equal comparison between two numbers or other mathematical expressions. It is used most often to compare two numbers on the number line by their size. There are several different notations used to represent different kinds of inequalities:

* The notation a < b means that a is less than b.
* The notation a > b means that a is greater than b.

In either case, a is not equal to b. These relations are known as strict inequalities, meaning that a is strictly less than or strictly greater than b. Equivalence is excluded.

In contrast to strict inequalities, there are two types of inequality relations that are not strict:

* The notation a ≤ b or a ⩽ b means that a is less than or equal to b (or, equivalently, at most b, or not greater than b).
* The notation a ≥ b or a ⩾ b means that a is greater than or equal to b (or, equivalently, at least b, or not less than b).

The relation not greater than can also be represented by a ≯ b, the symbol for "greater than" bisected by a slash, "not". The same is true for not less than and a ≮ b.

The notation a ≠ b means that a is not equal to b; this inequation sometimes is considered a form of strict inequality. It does not say that one is greater than the other; it does not even require a and b to be member of an ordered set.

In engineering sciences, less formal use of the notation is to state that one quantity is "much greater" than another, normally by several orders of magnitude.

* The notation a ≪ b means that a is much less than b.
* The notation a ≫ b means that a is much greater than b.

This implies that the lesser value can be neglected with little effect on the accuracy of an approximation (such as the case of ultrarelativistic limit in physics).

In all of the cases above, any two symbols mirroring each other are symmetrical; a < b and b > a are equivalent, etc.

Introduction to Inequalities

Solving Inequalities

Solving Inequality Word Questions

Jai Ganesh · 2022-11-18 02:19:01